Explain how the body obtains energy from fat, carbohydrates and proteins Free Essays

Presentation Every living thing expects vitality to remain warm (vertebrates for this situation) and to complete other life process for example support, development, development, every day exercises and so on. We will compose a custom paper test on Clarify how the body gets vitality from fat, sugars and proteins or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The entirety of the dietary vitality in people is acquired from the principle food sources including starches, fat and proteins. These significant food types are otherwise called macronutrients and every ha its own vitality content that gives vitality by breaking their concoction bond vitality in food atoms. Sugars and fat produce higher vitality levels than proteins in non photosynthetic living beings. Fat give definitely more vitality per gram than sugar or protein for instance starch and protein gives 16.8 KJ/g while fat gives 37.8 kJ of vitality per gram. Digestion a lot of substance response assumes a significant job in giving vitality that encourages a life form to look after life. Metabolic procedure is sorted out in various pathways that drives a substance response to another through the assistance of chemicals and coenzymes. The breakdown of food particles prompts a procedure known as oxidative phosphorylation that happens in mitochondria. This procedure is fundamental for giving Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an essential wellspring of vitality for cell exercises. As the metabolic pathway is sorted out in to various stages, each stage ought to be investigated in subtleties to comprehend the procedure. Thus these stages will be investigated later in the exposition to address the paper question in full. Supplements to Energy-Three Main Stages The macronutrients introduced in our food are the primary wellspring of vitality for our body and every one of the three supplements must be separated into littler particles before the phones can use them to create vitality. The breakdown of the bigger atoms and oxidization of those particles are known as catabolism. The breakdown occurs in processing framework where the breakdown is moderately comparable for every supplement. Particular chemicals, an impetus, digest explicit polymers into monomers, for moment protease are specific to catabolise proteins into amino corrosive and glycoside hydrolases transform polysaccharides into monosaccharides and fats are hydrolysed into unsaturated fats and glycerol by lipase. Oxidation of these particles happens once the little subunits are separated into the cytosol of a cell through a functioning vehicle protein. Glycolysis response, which occurs under anaerobic conditions, is a metabolic pathway that takes placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis inside every living cell. Glycolysis breaks sugar particles glucose, a 6 carbon iota, and fructose into two pyruvate atoms, that contains 3 carbon iotas in every atom. A distinction exists during the ignition of sugar atom that can happen anaerobically while this isn't valid for the other two macronutrients. The change of glucose into pyruvate occurs in 10 unique stages. Each stage has an alternate protein to catalyze 10 distinctive sugar atoms. In the initial 5 phases, called preliminary stage, two atoms of ATP for every glucose particle are utilized to give vitality to drive the response. Toward the beginning of last five phases known as pay off stage 2 NAD+ and GAPDH chemical transform the NAD+ into a NADH atom by pulling off a hydrogen particle from GAPDH, two H+ are additionally created at this stage. Toward the finish of the stages two NADH are given and four ATP particles are given from ADP in addition to P1. The came about pyruvate continues to mitochondria from cytosol to lose two carbon dioxide atoms and change to two carbon acetyl bunch that gets together with coenzyme A to deliver acetyl CoA before it enters the citrus extract cycle. Triglycerides, principle type of fat, are oxidized so as to break them into littler units, for example, unsaturated fat and glycerol inside the cytoplasm. Unsaturated fats are actuated in cytoplasm before they enter cytosol, an equivalent mechanism for glucose to citrus extract. The enactment must be done before the oxidation of unsaturated fat starts. During the initiation, unsaturated fats change to greasy acyl CoA and ATP transforms into AMP. Glycerol is transmitted to the glycolysis while the unsaturated fats are oxidized through beta-oxidation inside the mitochondria. There are four primary chemicals situated in mitochondria, in this way a progression of four phases happen that convert acyl CoA to acetyl CoA. Two particles of carbon from an acyl CoA is abbreviated at each phase to make an atom of acetyl CoA and a particle of NADH and FADH2. The came about acetyl CoA is passed to the citrus extract cycle and NADH in addition to FADH is gone into the electron transport chain. Proteins comprise of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. In spite of the fact that starches and proteins hold a comparative structure however there is as yet a distinction among their structure. Sugars are made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen while protein has an expansion of nitrogen and sulfur. Nitrogen is liable for the production of fundamental amino acids. There are generally together 20 fundamental amino acids that construct all body cells in creatures. Body cell use amino acids into fats or glycogen if unnecessary proteins are expended in human eating routine. The breakdown of proteins to amino acids through processing opens the way to vitality digestion of proteins. On the off chance that amino acids are utilized to create vitality it must be done through deamination process where amino acids are broken into their constituent parts. Nutrient B6 partner with its protein in transamination cause nitrogen to move to a kito corrosive making amino corrosive lose its nitrogen and amino gathering. Smelling salts is orchestrated when amino corrosive in changed to L glutamate through transamination process. Smelling salts produces urea that makes a trip through the blood to the kidney and discharged in pee. Since urea is expelled from the procedure the carbon skeleton of amino acids can be utilized in various manners for example for protein amalgamation or ATP development. Carbon skeleton can likewise be put away, mostly in livers, as glucose by gluconeogenesis. This beginnings by changing over carbon skeleton into acetyl CoA with the goal that the coenzyme can be transmitted to the citrus extract cycle where acetyl CoA is oxidized to create ATP. Gluconeogenesis (a metabolic pathway) means to frame glucose from utilizing non starch carbon substrate including glycerol, glycogenic amino corrosive. The came about glucose can be changed over to glucose 6 phosphates from phosphoenolpyruvate. The finished result is pyruvate; notice the final result of glucose in glycolysis is same. The procedure requires vitality so as to give vitality during starvation in fasting or extraordinary exercise. Citrus extract cycle (otherwise called Kerb’s cycle) is a chain of eight response occurring in mitochondria. It is valid for each macronutrient to experience this chain of cycle and the oxidation on the entirety of the acetyl CoA carbons entered from various supplements is comparative. This is a significant stage as a large portion of the vitality created in mitochondria occurs after this cycle is finished to deliver particle conveying electrons. The carbon present in acetyl CoA is completely oxidized to a COÂ ­2 particle during this response. Acetyl CoA channels its two carbon particles to pundit corrosive cycle and a response among acetyl and oxaloacetate produce citrate in the main chain of the cycle. Enacted bearer particles are produced from the oxidation of citrate atoms. Each cycle produces 3 NADH particles, 1 GTP atom and 1 FADH2 atom. Two atoms of COÂ ­2 are radiated as waste. The NADH and FADH2 atoms convey hydrogen and electrons which at that point continues to an oxidative phosphorylation process. The oxidative phosphorylation gives the majority of the vitality in the entire framework. The cycle doesn't expect oxygen to complete the procedure however the oxidization of pyruvate requires oxygen. Henceforth the cycle works under the oxygen consuming condition. The following and last advance happens along an electron transport chain in the mitochondrion internal layer. The electron transport chain structure in four unique proteins comprises of five buildings. The high vitality electrons from decreased electron bearers, NADH and FADH2, are assaulted to the electron transport chain where the electron moves from an electron benefactor to a terminal electron acceptor. These electrons are added to the NADH and FADH2 particles in the citrus extract cycle. The electrons from NADH enters complex I where it’s oxidized back to NAD+. In this way one electron is caught and joins a proton to shape a Hydrogen particle and one electron is lost during NADH misfortunes its hydrogen. The electron from the hydrogen conveys onto next stage while the proton moves back the inward film after the creation of FMN to FMNH2. The electron in last complex inserts to the particles of O2 gas and consolidates to two H+ to deliver water H2O. While the electrons travel through these four edifices and gives enough vitality to siphon H+ particles (protons) outside the inward layer. The fixation slope of H+ is increased because of the development of these protons. This slope stores vitality that is adequate for the creation of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP. This procedure is known as oxidative phosphorylation where the electron is in its least type of vitality in this way all the vitality from the food atoms are oxidized to union huge measure of ATP. There are around 30 atoms of ATP increased after the total oxidation per particle of glucose or unsaturated fats or amino acids to H2O and CO2. Complete ignition of proteins additionally delivers NH3 as waste items. End As the paper arrives at its decision we can recommend that these macronutrients follow a comparative pathway to produce ATP. In spite of the fact that the methods for getting to the citrus extract cycle for each macronutrient is distinctive for example fat must be enacted before it enters cytosol though protein experiences deamination process, not valid for either glucose or fat. Likewise the capacity

Click and Drag a Delphi Form Without the Caption Bar

Snap and Drag a Delphi Form Without the Caption Bar The most widely recognized approach to move a window is to drag it by its title bar. Peruse on to discover how you can give hauling capacities to Delphi structures without a title bar, so the client can move a structure by clicking anyplace on the customer territory. For instance, consider the instance of a Windows application that doesnt have a title bar, how might we move such a window? In actuality, its conceivable to make windows with a nonstandard title bar and even non-rectangular structures. For this situation, how could Windows know where the fringes and the sides of the window are? The WM_NCHitTest Windows Message The Windows working framework is intensely founded on taking care of messages. For instance, when you click on a window or a control, Windows sends it a wm_LButtonDown message, with extra data about where the mouse cursor is and which control keys are at present squeezed. Sounds recognizable? Truly, this is simply an OnMouseDown occasion in Delphi. Also, Windows sends a wm_NCHitTest message at whatever point a mouse occasion happens, that is, the point at which the cursor moves, or when a mouse button is squeezed or discharged. Code to Input On the off chance that we can make Windows feel that the client is hauling (has tapped on) the title bar instead of the customer zone, at that point the client could drag the window by clicking in the customer zone. The least demanding approach to do this is to trick Windows into believing that youre really tapping on the title bar of a structure. Heres what you need to do: 1. Supplement the accompanying line into your structures Private revelations segment (message taking care of strategy affirmation): system WMNCHitTest(var Msg: TWMNCHitTest) ; message WM_NCHitTest; 2. Include the accompanying code into the usage area of your structures unit (where Form1 is theâ assumed structure name): system TForm1.WMNCHitTest(var Msg: TWMNCHitTest) ;start  â inherited;â â on the off chance that Msg.Result htClient, at that point Msg.Result : htCaption;end; The primary line of code in the message handler calls the acquired strategy to get the default taking care of for the wm_NCHitTest message. The If part in the method catches and changes your windows conduct. This is the thing that really occurs: when the working framework sends a wm_NCHitTest message to the window, along with the mouse arranges, the window restores a code that states which bit of itself has been hit. The significant snippet of data, for our errand, is in the estimation of the Msg.Result field. Now, we have a chance to adjust the message result. This is our main thing: if the client has clicked in the structures customer zone we make Windows to think the client tapped on the title bar. In Object Pascal words: if the message return esteem is HTCLIENT, we essentially transform it to HTCAPTION. No More Mouse Events By changing the default conduct of our structures we evacuate the capacity of Windows to inform you when the mouse is over the customer territory. One reaction of this stunt is that your structure will no longer produce occasions for mouse messages. Captionless-Borderless Window In the event that you need a captionless borderless window like a gliding toolbar, set the Forms Caption to a vacant string, cripple the entirety of the BorderIcons, and set the BorderStyle to bsNone. A structure can be changed in different manners by applying custom code in the CreateParams technique. More WM_NCHitTest Tricks On the off chance that you look all the more cautiously at the wm_NCHitTest message youll see that arrival estimation of the capacity demonstrates the situation of the cursor problem area. This empowers us to play some more with the message to make abnormal outcomes. The accompanying code section will forestall clients to close your structures by tapping on the Close catch. in the event that Msg.Result htClose, at that point Msg.Result : htNowhere; In the event that the client is attempting to move the structure by tapping on the inscription bar and hauling, the code replaces the aftereffect of the message with an outcome which demonstrates the client tapped on the customer region. This keeps the client from moving the window with the mouse (inverse to what we were doing in the asking of the article). on the off chance that Msg.Result htCaption, at that point Msg.Result : htClient; Having Components On a Form As a rule, well have a few segments on a structure. Lets state, for instance, that one Panel object is on a structure. On the off chance that Align property of a board is set to alClient, the Panel fills the whole customer territory with the goal that it is difficult to choose the parent structure by tapping on it. The code above won't work - why? This is on the grounds that the mouse is continually moving over the Panel part, not the structure. To move our structure by hauling a board on the structure we need to include not many lines of code in the OnMouseDown occasion method for the Panel segment: technique TForm1.Panel1MouseDown  (Sender: TObject; Button: TMouseButton;  Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer) ;start  â ReleaseCapture;  â SendMessage(Form1.Handle, WM_SYSCOMMAND, 61458, 0) ; end; Note: This code won't work with non-window controls, for example, TLabel parts.

Spring 2011 Transfer Application Is Now Back! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Spring 2011 Transfer Application Is Now Back! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Spring 2011 Transfer Application Is Now Back! Thanks to to hard work of the UGA Admissions technology team, the Spring 2011 Transfer Application is now up and working again! For those applicants who had started an application earlier in the week in the new system, we have pushed almost all of these over to the new system (there were a few with issues). As well, for the students who applied prior to the change over in systems (generally prior to August 1), you should also be able to move forward with accessing your myStatus Page. Both groups can go to the Create ApplicantID Account, login with your email address, and it will send you a temporary password. From there, you will then be able to take the next steps of accessing the myStatus page. We will also be sending out emails to the applicants impacted by this to give them instructions. In addition, for everyone who is going in as a new transfer applicant, you will also go to the Create ApplicantID Account, and you will then create your ApplicantID profile and you will be on your way to applying! As always, I stress patience as we jump into a new system, and we are happy to have this up and rolling after only a limited period of downtime. As well, since we have been focusing on speed and getting this up quickly, please excuse any minor typographical errors and let us know if you have any issues. As an added note, Spring Freshman will be able to apply early next week when we bring up the Freshman application for next year. Go Dawgs!

Case of Unidentified Companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 256 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? We decided to group all the retail companies together by understanding that a retail company will have a relatively low collection period and then break them down further based upon our knowledge and research of industry averages. We believe that the Department store is represented by column K. The first aspect that caught our attention was the fact that there was a very large amount of inventory, which makes sense because a department store will need to have a continuous flow of inventory in order to make sure the most current goods are being represented on the shelf, while the older items get cycled out. Also, column K had a relatively low inventory turnover due to the fact that it will only completely sell its inventory a few times a year. This will be sold to either the customers of the store or to different resellers, who will buy the goods at a discounted price and sell them for a cheaper price to customers. Another aspect of column K is the fact that the collection period is 16 days. This is due to the fact that they issue their own charge card, which is most likely billed at the end of every month. So averaging the people who pay with cash or their debit card with the people who use the charge card or their credit card will result in a collection period of 16 days. After doing some research we concluded that the online book company would have the balance sheet and financial data of column A. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Case of Unidentified Companies" essay for you Create order

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet - 700 Words

Set in the turmoil of WW2, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet is a love of bitterness and sweetness book involving a Japanese girl, Keiko, and a Chinese boy, Henry. They strives to keep their relationship and deal with the consequences inflicted upon them by their parents and the war. As the story rolls along, many thoughts occurred that Henry and Keiko would be able to marry, but a twist happens, which results in their separation; unquestionably, Henry and Keiko moves on to have their own family.Therefore, does Henry gives up on Keiko too easily? Yes, Henry give up on Keiko too easily. Henry has his chance of going back to Keiko, but he let it slips by. He tries to forget about Keiko and moves on with his life. Henry thought that his†¦show more content†¦Even though he knows that later on, the problem can not be fixed. As Henry was talking to Marty and Samantha, he says: â€Å"You look at what you have, not what you miss, and you moved forward† (Ford 268). After Henry found the record, he went to talk to Bud about fixing the record but Henry knew that: â€Å"Somethings just can’t be put back together. Some things can never be fixed. Two broken pieces can’t make a lot of anything anymore† (Ford 275). Henry, making the decisions he did, think it is better not to bring up the past. Obviously, Henry wants to fix the broken record, but in fact he knew that the broken record, like Henry’s and Keiko’s relationship, can never be fixed. The best is to forget and move forward with life. Despite Marty’s nagging and the circumstances, Henry never told Marty about Keiko and never seem to thought of seeing Keiko after letting her go for so long. Although it May Seem True, But it is Not Finally, Reuniting with someone after a long period of time shows that separation can not stop one’s from pursuing its loved ones. Certainly many readers seem to consider that Henry does not give up on Keiko too easily because they reconvene at the end. However, in the first place, Henry never wanted to go, as he genuinely believes that there are no benefit and that it is the only alternative way. On the way home from Camp Harmony, Henry reflected about what his father says: â€Å"His father said once that the hardestShow MoreRelatedHotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe historical fiction Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by Jamie Ford is an almost quintessential illustration of the idea that love can exist anywhere without parameters. Clearly, this idea is seen with the relationship between Henry Lee, a Chinese American boy residing in Seattle, and Keiko Okabe, a Japanese American girl who falls v ictim to the atrocious Japanese American internment policy put forth by the United States government during World War 2. Despite the clashes and deep-seatedRead MoreHotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet2605 Words   |  11 PagesHotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Book Review Summary of Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet is a story that explores the experiences of Chinese and Japanese Americans during World War II with both insight and compassion. The story begins in 1986 with Henry, an elderly Chinese-American man walking past the Panama hotel in Seattle, which has been boarded up since the war. Memorabilia within the basement of the hotel take Henry backRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet ``1404 Words   |  6 PagesOnce in a blue moon there is someone who knows it all, someone who knows and accepts you unconditionally, and someone who is there for life†. McCorkle’s description of a â€Å"gold friend† reminds me of a novel I recently read called â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet† where friendship is universal and described as a bridge that connect all social gaps including gender, race and differences in abilities. Throughout the book, author Jamie Ford has succeeded to show readers that frien dship is theRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet934 Words   |  4 PagesHotel on the Corner of Bitter and sweet Jamie Ford writes â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and sweet† and the publisher of the book is Ballantine Books. They published the book in English on 1st February 2009. â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet† story sets during one of the most conflicted and volatile times in American history. The time period of the story is after the Pearl Harbor boomed and the internment of American-Japanese families during the World War II. â€Å"Hotel of the corner bitterRead MoreHotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet Analysis949 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"True love is like ghosts, which everyone talks about and few have seen†. This is a quote said by Francois de La Rochefoucauld, which explains the rarity of true love. In Jamie Ford’s novel, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, the record of Oscar Holden symbolizes the relationship between Henry and Keiko, which is sensed as true love. Throughout the book, Henry and Keiko experience many ups and downs in their relationships which can be reflected by the treatment and condition of the record.Read MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet1404 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout these years we had fights and good moments and this is what forms this strong â€Å"interpersonal bond† also known as friendship. In our novel Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Henry and his friends faces different challenges throughout the story whic h strengthens their ties. In Jamie Ford’s novel Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, Ford communicates the theme that friendship is needed especially during difficult times through the character’s actions in the books. Ford shows us oneRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet2326 Words   |  10 Pages Jamie Ford’s book Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, is a story about the experiences and hardships that Japanese-Americans suffered during World War II. The protagonist Henry, a twelve-year old Chinese-American boy at the time of the war, reacted with more than just curiosity. The story opens with the news that belongings of several families who were interned is more than just curiosity; he had a deep personal connection to the events of the past and the story uncovers his memories. HenryRead MoreHotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet By Jamie Ford1031 Words   |  5 Pagesreduced by it.† This quote encompasses the idea that change is inevitable. A person is involved in numerous relationships during their lifetime and what happens within them can change who they become in the future. Within the novel, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by Jamie Ford, t he relationships that Henry Lee has developed throughout his lifetime have shaped him into the person he is today. To begin, the relationship between Henry and his father has a huge impact on who he is today. HenryRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet, By Jamie Ford986 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet,† written by Jamie Ford is a compelling novel about a young Chinese American boy name Henry. Henry is growing up after the Pearl Harbor incident and the start of the internment camps for Japanese Americans. Henry’s ethnicity as a Chinese American affects his childhood in being bulled in school, having a distant relationship with his parents, and causes issues with his first love Keiko, a Japanese American girl. First, by looking at the way Henry’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet, Henry And Keiko1098 Words   |  5 Pagesenjoyable when having someone to share good and bad memories. It is always best to keep the most important relationships closest to the heart. By doing this, dealing with life struggles can become a much more easy ordeal. In the book, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, Henry and Keiko were always there for each other. Jamie Ford, the author, was able to portray two best friends that shared an ordinary yet unique childhood. Henry is a young Chinese boy living in the heart of a town where whites

Chemotherapeutic Agents of Control Free Essays

Chemotherapeutic Agents of Control: Introduction: Chemotherapeutic agents are chemical substances used to treat various forms of infectious diseases. The chemotherapeutic agent works by stopping the bacteria from reproducing. There are two different kinds of chemotherapeutic agents. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemotherapeutic Agents of Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first kind is an antibiotic, which slow down the growth of microorganisms. The second kind of chemotherapeutic agent is synthetic drugs. Synthetic drugs are artificially made in a laboratory. Chemotherapy began in the 1940s and is now a multi-billion dollar industry. Different antibiotics and synthetic drugs all have different modes of actions and can have several different possibilities of side effects. Antibiotics work by finding something in the pathogen that is different in the host cell and attacks it to stop the pathogen from reproducing and causing more harm. The side effects can range from loss of hearing all the way to discoloration of the teeth. Some may take these drugs and have no side effects at all except to obtain better health. While others may no receive any good from the medication and have horrible side effects. The mode of action also has a wide range of possibilities depending on which drug is taken. The mode of action can range from inhibition of the cell wall all the way to destruction of the cell membrane and much more. Each and every chemotherapeutic agent varies with their antimicrobial activity. This is needed because every disease is very different. Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine that different chemotherapeutic agents are needed to treat different kinds of diseases. Since there is a wide range of possibilities this experiment is needed to determine which medication is best for certain types of microbial metabolism. This way we can evaluate the antimicrobial’s reaction to different chemotherapeutic agents. What reaction will the antimicrobial have on the chemotherapeutic agents that will be used in this experiment? Hypothesis: All chemotherapeutic agents will affect the antimicrobial, although one chemotherapeutic agent will be much more effective than the other chemotherapeutic agents. Expectations: I expect one chemotherapeutic agent to be much more effective on this certain culture. This will be the best chemotherapeutic agent to treat this certain antimicrobial disease. Materials: Petri dish Sterile cotton swabs Culture (Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacal, Staph epidermidis) Antibiotics (Streptomyocin, SSS, Erythromycin, Chloram Phemicol, Kamamycin, Novobiocin, Textra Cycline, Penicillin) Sharpie Bunsen burner Forceps Millimeter ruler How to cite Chemotherapeutic Agents of Control, Essay examples

Karen Ann Quinlan free essay sample

Soon, a very private Quinlans found themselves at the center of public court case that drew national attention. Superior Court rejected their initial petition for getting Karen off life support. However, they persisted and presented their case to the New Jersey Supreme Court. Finally, on March 31, 1976, Joe Quinlan was appointed as the personal guardian of his daughter Karen, and was given the right to discontinue her life support. After long negotiations between Quinlans family and hospital staff, Karen Ann was taken off the life support. To everyone’s surprise, she continued breathing on her own. Karen Ann was relocated to Morris View Nursing Home in June 1976 where she lived for another nine years before dying on June 11, 1985 from pneumonia. Julia Quinlan recalled how hard it was for her to watch her daughter slowly die for 10 years. The case of Karen Ann Quinlan became extremely public. During time of her coma, there was a movie made and a few books written. We will write a custom essay sample on Karen Ann Quinlan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Karen Ann became a â€Å"Right-to-die heroine†, and was more of a symbol than a substance. Karen Ann Quinlan’s case changed the way many people looked at life and death and what is considered a livable life and dignified death. 1 â€Å"Living wills† concept or advanced derivative started after that case. The ruling that was made by New Jersey Supreme Court led to the requirement for all the healthcare facilities to have ethics committees. Five years after Karen Ann fallen into coma, Quinlans opened the Karen Ann Quinlan hospice in Newton. 3 This hospice helps not only terminally ill patients but also their families in the last 6 months of life.

What Is CBNA on My Credit Report CBNA Definition Explained

What Is CBNA on My Credit Report CBNA Definition Explained SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you recently had the name "CBNA" appear on your credit report and are unsure what it means? If so, you’re not alone. Many consumers have had hard pulls on their credit report from CBNA, which most commonly refers to Citibank North America, but can also refer to the Credit Bureau of North America, Community Bank, N.A., or Comenity Bank. In this article, I’ll talk about what seeing CBNA on your credit card means, what each of the companies associated with the acronym CBNA are, and what you should do if you find something unexpected on your credit card. What Is CBNA On My Credit Report? An unexpected inquiry on your credit card can be stressful and lead to many questions. Where did the inquiry come from? Does an unexplained inquiry mean my identity has been stolen? Will this inquiry hurt my credit score? One of the most confusing inquiries on credit reports is for CBNA. CBNA mainly refers to Citibank North America, which is a major consumer and business banking institution in the United States. If you see the letters CBNA on your credit report, that means that Citibank has pulled a credit inquiry on you. When a bank or credit card company pulls a hard credit inquiry on you, that means the potential lender is reviewing your credit because you’ve applied for credit with them. Hard credit inquiries happen when you’re applying for things like a credit card, mortgage, or car loan. Hard credit inquiries do adversely affect your credit report. For most consumers, a hard credit inquiry will take less than five points off their reports. If you only have a few credit accounts or a short credit history, however, a credit inquiry may hurt your credit score more. Having many hard credit inquiries in a short space of time will also hurt your credit score. If you’ve got an inquiry from CBNA on your credit report and you’ve applied for a CBNA credit card or loan, you shouldn’t worry. Hard credit inquiries are a part of the process that comes with applying for a new credit account. You can write to the institution to ask them to remove the credit inquiry from your report, but they won't always do so, especially if the inquiry isn't fraudulent. If you see the letters CBNA on your credit card and you haven’t applied for an account with a CBNA institution, you should take steps to protect your identity. I’ll explain the other institutions associated with CBNA in the next section, as well as what to do when you’ve got an unexplained inquiry on your account. What Else Does CBNA Stand For? While Citibank North America is the most common institution that uses the CBNA acronym on credit reports, there are several others. #1: Credit Bureau of North America: CBNA may stand for Credit Bureau of North America, which is a debt collection agency. If you’ve got an open account with the Credit Bureau of North America, that means that you have an unpaid debt that they’re attempting to collect. You should attempt to settle your debt by paying it off. The best way to do this is to negotiate a pay for delete agreement with CBNA that says that CBNA will remove their information from your credit report once you’ve paid the debt. #2: Community Bank, N.A.: CBNA may also stand for Community Bank, N.A., which is a small local bank that offers personal and business banking in New York and Pennsylvania. If you’ve got a credit inquiry from Community Bank, N.A., you may have applied for a credit line or loan there. #3: Comenity Bank: Comenity Bank is a bank that manages credit cards mainly associated with stores and brands such as Victoria’s Secret or Gamestop. If you’ve applied for a credit card recently at a store, you may see an inquiry from CBNA on your credit report. What To Do If You’ve Got Something Unexpected on Your Credit Report If you’ve got an unexpected inquiry on your credit report that doesn’t match any of your recent credit activity, you should take steps to protect your identity. Start with these five steps to make sure your identity is secure. #1: Contact the Company That Made the Inquiry The first thing to do is to contact the company that made the inquiry. Call the company associated with the inquiry and ask them to prove that it was you that triggered the inquiry. If they can’t, then you can ask the company to notify the three major credit bureaus to remove the inquiry from your account. #2: Document the Fraudulent Inquiry If you’ve determined the inquiry is indeed fraudulent, you should download and complete an identity theft complaint and affidavit form from the Federal Trade Commission’s website. These can be sent to banks, creditors, and credit bureaus in order to explain the inquiry and any other fraudulent credit activity. Depending on the situation, you may also want to fill out a police report. #3: Notify the Three Credit Bureaus After documenting the inquiry with the Federal Trade Commission, you should place a credit freeze on your credit report, which restricts access to your accounts and limits the new inquiries that can be made. You need to contact all three credit companies individually. #4: Place a Fraud Alert at the Three Credit Bureaus You can also place a free, 90 day fraud alert with each of the three credit bureaus. This alert tells creditors to verify your identity through extra steps before extending credit in your name. #5: Dispute the Inquiry at the Three Credit Bureaus The best way to dispute an unexplained inquiry is to call the credit bureau or mail a formal notification of your dispute, proving that the inquiry was fraudulent and unauthorized. Unauthorized inquiries are relatively easy to remove, but may require a number of different conversations to remove. In Summary Many consumers have asked themselves the question: â€Å"What is CBNA on my credit report?† or wonder if they've applied for a CBNA credit card when they see those letters on their credit report. An inquiry from CBNA on your credit report means that you’ve applied for a credit account with an institution associated with those letters, or that you’ve got an open debt in collection with the Credit Bureau of North America. If you haven’t applied for a CBNA credit card, you should take steps to protect your identity from fraud. What's Next? How can you find the best credit card for your needs? Narrow down what the best credit card for you is with this guide. Thinking about getting a Banana Republic store card? We cover the pros and cons of the Banana Republic credit card here. Looking to learn more about other financial acronyms and terms? Find out what return on assets (ROA) is and how to use that information here.

Getting into Guidebook Writing

Getting into Guidebook Writing Travel writing can be notoriously difficult to get into, but there is one sub-genre that encourages and relies upon more unknown freelance writers than perhaps any other: guidebook writing. You could just pack your bags, head off exploring, then contact publishers and hope for the best, but there are other ways. Here are some things to consider before taking the leap into guidebook writing. 1. Is this really the job for me? First of all, although this might sound obvious, find out what the job involves on a day-to-day basis, from pre-trip planning and destination research, to putting together the finished book. Chat with writers who have first-hand experience and ask lots of questions before deciding to contact publishers yourself. Forget glamorous and hedonistic journeys to exotic locations – instead think hard, often solitary, but interesting, work. If you love working independently, and you’re disciplined, adventurous, calm in a crisis, multi-lingual (it helps) and ready to try anything once, this might be the job for you. 2. Research publishers Once you’re ready to go for it, do your homework. Familiarize yourself with the different publishers out there and decide which ones to approach. Then it’s your task to prove to them why you would be the right person to write for them. When I first contacted a publisher about their forthcoming titles, I simply chose the one I knew best from using their guidebooks on my own journeys as a regular traveler. This was a definite advantage when I got the job, as I was already familiar with style, layout, maps etc, and it was a good selling point before I got a contract. 3. Are you the writer for the job? After choosing which publisher(s) to approach, you need to prove you’re the very writer they’ve been looking for. To be blunt, in order to write like an expert, you need to know your stuff. More importantly, you should convey this to the publisher, or you’ll be hard-pressed to persuade them to hire you, not to mention all the extra work you’re giving yourself if you choose a place you dont know well. Aim for a destination you’ve lived in or travelled extensively around, where you speak the language, have some contacts and can easily find your way around. 4. Research the market After choosing publishers and destination, check what books are already published, and most crucially, the publishing dates. If a guide to the destination of your interest was published recently, there won’t be a need for a new edition yet. Check if the publisher has any specialist geographical areas or cities and choose a publisher to match your own such areas of expertise. If they already cover the destination, bear in mind they may have a regular author who updates it, but don’t be put off. Guidebook writing is a changeable business with opportunities cropping up regularly. 5. Take stock of your skills and get mailing It helps your chances if you’ve been published before, but this isn’t crucial. Guidebook writing is quite a far cry from creative writing pursuits. An engaging writing style is a plus, but it’s even more important to be informative and accurate. Decide on your destination, research your favourite guidebook publishers and then you’re ready to drop them an email expressing an interest in writing for them, explaining why you’re the right person for the job. Finally, be patient, publishers can take awhile to get back to you. Contacting several will increase your chances. List of travel book publishers: publishersglobal.com/directory/subject/travel-publishers/

Who should receive experimental treatment (of Ebola) Essay

Who should receive experimental treatment (of Ebola) - Essay Example One such mechanism is the emergency Investigational New Drug (IND) initiative (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The Ebola virus has been principally restricted to underdeveloped nations of the world. Consequently, no vaccine or drug to address it has been produced, despite its presence for nearly four decades. The current outbreak of this disease has been of such gravity that the developed nations have been seriously striving to produce vaccines and drugs to deal with it. The rapidity with which this dread infection is spreading has necessitated an approach that ignores the existing rules governing the delivery of new drugs. The WHO clearly stated that when certain conditions were satisfied, it would not be unethical to provide vaccines and drugs, in the experimental stage to prevent infection (The Economist, 2014, p. 85). The experimental serum ZMapp, developed by the US, was injected to two missionaries of the US, after they had been infected with the Ebola virus in Liberia. These missionaries were subsequently relocated to the US and were undergoing treatment in that nation. In the aftermath of this incident, the WHO conducted a meeting to discuss the ethical issues involved in administering experimental drugs to individuals infected with the Ebola virus (Dionne, 2014). In addition, this drug had also been given to a small number of US health officials who had been infected with the Ebola virus in West Africa. The apparent success of this drug in combating the dread Ebola virus induced the US health officials to ask some of the most advanced biology laboratories to present it with plans for producing it (The Guardian, 2014). As such, the provision of healthcare is biased, and the above evidence demonstrates it adequately. The American missionaries had been given the promising new drug, whereas no attempt was

In the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In the instruction - Essay Example The cartoon is specifically designed to portray the reasons that made Omar J. Gonzalez illegally enter into statehouse. In the cartoon, the fence jumper is certain that his access to higher utility is blocked by the fence. People on the other side are better off but slightly neglect the rest; he says â€Å"I bet they have Great candy there.† Phil leaves it to the reader to make a conclusion whether the man had been humiliated or not, given that his luggage is labeled ‘trick or treat.’ As matter of fact, since the war against Iraq started, many veterans came home wounded while some had severe mental incapacities despite the president making great promises to curb their mistreatment. In this cartoon, Phil targets the public, who are criticizing the man’s effort to seek some recognition. His friend represents the general public who can’t see the nice buildings on the other end and thus demotivates the fence jumper from accomplishing his mission. Handy, Phil. "Fence jumper." Wisconsin state journal 25  Oct.  2014: n. pag. Web.

Hindustan Unilever Limited Is Indias Largest Company Marketing Essay

Hindustan Unilever Limited Is Indias Largest Company Marketing Essay HUL was formed in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited and came into being in 1956 as Hindustan Lever Limited through a merger of  Lever Brothers, Hindustan Vanaspati Mfg. Co. Ltd. and United Traders Ltd. Its headquarters is in  Mumbai, India. It has employee strength of over 15,000 employees. The company was renamed in June 2007 as Hindustan Unilever Limited. Hindustan Unilevers distribution covers over 1 million retail outlets across India directly and its products are available in over 6.3 million outlets in the country. It estimates that two out of three Indians use its many home and personal care products, food and beverages. In the villages: HUL has also revamped its sales organisation in the rural markets to fully meet the emerging needs and increased purchasing power of the rural population. The company has brought all markets with populations of below 50,000 under one rural sales organisation. The team comprises an exclusive sales force and exclusive redistribution stockists, under the charge of dedicated managers. The team focuses on building superior availability, while enabling brand building in the deepest interiors. HULs distribution network in rural India already directly covers about 50,000 villages, reaching about 250 million consumers. Political Factor It means to what degree government intervenes in the economy. Political factors include areas such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided. Further more, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Economic Factor -These include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. For example, interest rates affect a firms cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Social Factor These include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. Technological Factor -These factors include technological aspects such as research and development activity, technology incentives.They can determine barriers to entry. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Here are some more factors which can affect a business:- Environmental Factors -These include ecological and environmental aspects such as weather, climate, which may especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance. Furthermore, growing awareness of the impacts of climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer, both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Legal Factors These include different type of laws such as discrimination law, consumer law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. The impacts of these factors on Hindustan uniliver limited. These 6 are the most common factors which can affect a business directly or indirectly. Hindustan uniliver limited is an old organisation.It has produced many products like soaps,surfs,detergents and etc.In all the retailing Stores we will find the products of hidustan uniliver limited as there products are very famous all over the country.A company like hul is all affected with some factors.The factors we have discussed earlier. There are factors like political and now the political factors can affect the working of an organisation in a big way.Political factors includes tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs.These are the some items which can affect a organisation politically.Government can change the Tax policy or tarrifs etc.Government can impose the restrictions on trade etc and company will have to accept the changes as they are made by the government. The second factor which have affected Hindustan uniliver limited is economic factor. Economic factor include many things like economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These are the main things which are considered in economic factors. Economic growth means the rate at which the the growth of the economy is going. Exchange rates means the rates at which the exchange takes place between two organisations. Inflation means where there is excess demand and shortage of supply.If the inflation rate goes high then the organisation will be affected as demand will be more and supply of goods will be less. The third factor which have affected the Hindustan uniliver limited is social factor.Social factor include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes. Social factors also affects the organisation in a big way.If the population is growing at a high rate then it will affect the organisation as there are more demand for products than supply. The fourth and the most important factor is technological factors. Technology is the most important factor which the organisation have to look. As we know that technology changes very quickly.we see in daily life that almost everyday a new technology is invented.The organisation will have to keep updated with the new technologies and it should also educate the employees about the technologies.Hindustan Uniliver is affected by the technology factor because the company has not adopted the new technologies.

Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets of Pakistan Essay

Since the emergence of 9/11 event in U.S.A., the world has witnessed significant increase in terrorist activities. Pakistan unfortunately has been the most vulnerable to the paradigm shift of terrorism. Its vulnerability is mainly subjected to its geographical location. Nonstop terrorist activities toppled over the country’s political, social and economic structure. Now the life of a normal citizen is at risk. State of infrastructure has become deplorable owing to the series of terrorist activities. Resultantly economic activity reduced manifold. Being a frontline state on â€Å"war on terror† the loss of Pakistan’s economy was a natural consequence. Pakistan’s economy was affected almost at all economic fronts which comprises of external, industrial, agricultural, business and services sector, etc. The continued rise in the terrorist activities also affected the confidence of foreign investors which caused the stoppage of FDI, besides withdrawal of the po rtfolio investment. The impact of terrorism was also felt in all the areas of the economy with varying degree and intensity. The most prominent areas included tourism, hotelling, manufacturing, cottage industry, transportation, trade, etc. These industries have reinforcing effect on each other. Factors such as heavy influx of Afghan immigrants, particularly Taliban; porous Pak-Afghan border; political instability; external conspiracies, demographic weaknesses and its geographical attractiveness have accentuated the process of Terrorism in Pakistan. All these factors combined with global â€Å"war on terror† have deteriorated Pakistan’s economic situation as a whole. Financial markets, which are the nucleus of any economic system, are also supposed to be affected due to terrorist activities. In the aftermath of the terror attacks of 11 September 2001 in New York and 11 March 2004 investors’ confidence deteriorated beyond national boundaries because of contagion effects (Johnston and Nedelescu, 2006). Under the current wave of terrorism in Pakistan, particularly the stock market, forex m arket and money markets are affected the most. These markets are highly important as most of the policy impacts are transmitted through these markets. Therefore, any disruption in the smooth working of these markets may affect the achievement of overall economic target set by the government. Especially the stock market, which is considered to be the barometer of economic health of a country, appeared to have been affected by the rise in extremism or terrorism in recent times. The negative impact of the market to hype in such activities is reflected by the selling of bonds of the target firm’s, but the magnitude and consistency of the negativity stirred in the market and of the spill over effects is questionable (Karolyi, 2006). Similarly, the forex market which is also obviously affected by the uncertainty prevailing in the economic environment bears adverse effects of the related events. As regard the banking sector of Pakistan, it is also found to be inflicted due to the aftermath of the terrorist activities. The size and distribution of the effect of these activities would depend on the myriad of factors such as nature of terrorist attack, target of the attack, the multiplier effect, policy response and the resilience of the financial market (Bruck and Wickstrom, 2004). Besides Lal Masjid operation, the hall mark of the terrorist activities over the sample period is loss of internationally known Pakistani Political personality i.e. Benazir Bhutto. After the assassination of the said Pakistan’s banking sector faced substantial losses due to damage to the infrastructure and robberies of the bank. Downfall of any of the financial market associated with a terrorist activity reduces the incentive to spend as opposed to save, a process that can spread through the economy and the rest of the world through normal business cycle and trade channels (Johnston and Nedelescu, 2006). Keeping in view the significance of financial market for Pakistan’s economy, the quantification of the impact of terrorists’ activities on financial market becomes an interesting area of research work. Especially, this requires empirical quantification of the impact of various kinds of terrorist activities that either occurred in key business centers or happened in the far flung areas. II. Literature Review We find very limited literature on the subject issue. Although a few studies are found to be discussing the overall consequences of terrorism on world economies, we do not find much evidence about the quantification of the impact of terrorist activities on financial markets using such high frequency data and with special reference to Pakistan. For the benefit of readers, the review of some of the relevant studies has been made which is given as under: After the eruption of terrorism in Spain in the 1970’s, Abadie and Gardeazabal (2001) discovered the fact that there was ten percent deterioration in the per capita GDP of the Basque region as opposed to a synthetic control region. They also found out that this difference widened due to the rise in the terrorist activities. Chen and Siems (2004) assessed the degree to which the U.S. Stock market reacted to fourteen extremist acts in the past ninety years by using the event study methodology. They also tried to assess the impact o f the September 11 attacks and the raid on Kuwait by Iraq on the stock markets of different nations of the world. They found certain proof of flexibility in the fact that the encounter with such extremists’ lead to a decrease in the market reaction. Moreover, they came to know that the impact of the September 11 incidence and the Iraqi raid were more unfavorable and harmful on the stock markets of nations around the world as opposed to the U.S. stock markets. The study by Johnston, et al. (2005) attempted to explore the impact of terrorism on financial markets. They found that how financial markets react to different shocks stemming from terrorist attacks. By making use of the data on financial markets such as the government securities market, the repo market, the insurance industry and the capital market of U.S, the study analyzed the reaction of the financial markets to the September 11 ‘2001 terrorist attacks in the New York, and March 11, 2004 attacks in Madrid. They concluded that given the accurate timely response of the authorities and rogue disaster management, the financial markets of U.S and Spain respectively were attributed with diversity and resilience to absorb the shocks of terrorist attacks. Both the central banks laden with the sense of responsibility of the â€Å"lender of the last resort† also came to rescue their respective financial systems in the aftermath of these acts of terrorism. In addition, the globalization trends also incepted the cross border cooperation among the central banks which mitigated the diffusion of contagion effects through the chain process of business cycle. Barth, and et al (2006) used panel data on terrorism and employed some of the control variables which proved the negative, depressing and unfavorable influence of terrorism on economic progress. In broad-spectrum, these extremists’ occurrences and events have a substantial destructive impact on the economy of a country and thus rende r a depreciation and deterioration of the economy. Their outcome also sheds some light on the fact that the aim of such attacks also makes a difference. Extremists’ attacks directed at places and properties other than that of public have an unconstructive link commonly with development and capital structure and generation. Gulley and Jahangir (2006) used the statistical data available for the stock, bond and foreign exchange rate and stock market from 1968 to July 2005, for a group of countries i.e Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and the US. Data on terrorist attacks has been collected from The National Memorial Institute for Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) for exactly the same time period characterizing the date, time, location, type and target of the attack. Since the data is high frequency data, they have employed â€Å"Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscadastisity (GARCH) Model† to study the impact of terror attacks on the return (level) and volatility of the financial markets of the sample area, while their theoretical model is based on asset pricing model. Their results are well collaborated with the perceived expectations and the theory. They found negative returns with increasing terrorist activities for the stock market, while for the bond market lower yields were observed. Terrorist attacks had not been found associated with additional volatility in stock market in the given set of countries under observation. Liquidity of the foreign exchange market is significantly higher than other markets. Abadie and Gardeazabal (2007) attempt to measure the impact of terrorism on the foreign direct investment in an open economy. They made use of the data set on net stock of FDI obtained from the UNCTAD (United Nation Conference on Trade and Development) for 98 countries and GTI (Global Terrorism Index) for measuring data on terror activities which have the 100 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) advantage over other measures by being popular among the international investors’ who use it to evaluate specific country’s risk. During their regression analysis, keeping the other types of risks constant, it was concluded that small changes in terror activities have the potential to bring big change in the allocation of the productive resources across the countries, keeping the international economy sufficiently open. They have statistically proved that wit the increasing standard deviation of the terror attacks, the net FDI shrinks by 5 percent of GDP. Melnick and Eldor (2007) used discounted-cash-flow valuation model in order to calculate the media exposure created due to such terrorist acts and also for the assessment of costs in term of the foregone alternatives of the liberated and unbound media exposure provoked by such extremists’ acts and their impact on the single stock market fun ctioning in Israel, â€Å"Tel Aviv Stock Exchange†, to measure the influence on the economy. They reached to the conclusion that there a statistic importance and significance of the opportunity cost variable and that it provides a role as an adequate indicator including the whole content required to portray the impact of militant acts on the stock market. The outcome clearly shows the converse relationship between the degree of media exposure and the deterioration in the value of stocks. However, it was also found that not any of the elements arising out of terrorism are statistically substantial and significant after the insertion of the opportunity cost variable in the equation. Berrebi and Klor (2008) took the sample of 125 Israeli defense and security companies that are traded in American markets and a number of American companies as controls for Israeli companies. The data on terror attacks, collected from Israeli foreign ministry, was based on daily terror attacks and noncombatant fatalities arising from them. They made use of the event study methods in order to measure and assess the positive impact of terrorism on the return of the stocks of the sample companies relative to those of control group. It was empirically found that Israeli defense related companies experienced comparatively lowered (negative) abnormal returns than those of American controls during the first part of the period under analysis i.e. before Palestinian uprising (January 1st, 1998 – September 28th, 2000). They had also been successful in proving that average cumulative difference in abnormal returns (CDRAR) of the defense related companies exhibit downward slope before the Palestinian uprising where as the trends reverses abruptly during the second part of period under analysis (second Palestinian uprising). During the second uprising, the defense realted companies gained around 70 percentage points while the non defense companies lost over 60 percentage points. Out of the myriad of research problems pertaining to this area of interest, quantification of the terrorist activities and measuring its impact on the fluctuation of various economic variables is imperative owing to the possibility of plausible relationships between two variables which may result in biased empirical results (Berrebi and Klor, 2008). In this paper, this problem has been tried to sought out by using Durban Watson statistics in order to check the variables for autocorrelation issue. This study is different in several aspects from the existing studies which were conducted on the subject matter. Some of the distinguishing features are given as under: †¢ It uses daily data on all the financial markets and the terrorist activities. Earlier studies present on this topic have examined the financial markets on a much lower frequency data. †¢ This study is first of its kind with reference to Pakistan. No research has been done in Pakistan before on the same lines. †¢ Different aspects of terrorism have been incorporated in this study in terms of the kind of terrorist activity, its intensity, the location of incidence and the target. †¢ The study examines the effect of each kind of terrorist activity on stock, forex and money markets separately. III. Research Methodology Data Description The study uses time series data for this piece of research work. It uses high frequency data, which is a daily data, over a period of two and a half years (i.e. from 31st December 2005 to 30th June 2008). The 101 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) data has been collected from different resources. Secondary data has been used for three financial markets separately, i.e. banking market which represents the money market while stock market (KARACHI STOCK EXCHANGE) and the FOREX market represent the capital market. The data on the KSE Index has been taken from the KSE website. The data on the foreign exchange (i.e. rupee dollar parity) has been acquired from the Monetary Policy Department of the State Bank of Pakistan. The data on KIBOR (Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate) has also been obtained from Domestic Markets & Monetary Management Department (DMMD), State Bank of Pakistan. The most cumbersome process of the primary data collection has been the collection of terrorists’ activities on daily basis. Daily information on these activities has been collected from various news papers including â€Å"The Daily Dawn†. Since various kinds of terrorists’ activities were found in the news papers, an attempt was made to choose the most relevant activities which has some impact on the working of financial market. While finding out the impact of terrorists’ activities on the financial markets of Pakistan we categorize the terrorists’ activities into four distinct dummy variables. The terrorists’ activities have been grouped together in four different categories naming D1, D2, D3 & D4. Each activity has been assigned a particular group according to its intensity. A brief discussion of dummy variables used in the study is given as under; †¢ D1 is equal to 1 for the kind of terrorists activities which have targeted the key p ersonnel (political or otherwise) of the country and 0 for not happening of such event. †¢ D2 is equal to 1 for the happenings of the terrorists’ activities in the cities that are financially active or are the economic centers of the country and 0 for not happening of such events. †¢ D3 is equal to 1 for occurrence of major activities but in the non financial cities, †¢ Whereas D4 equals 1 for minor terrorists’ events taking place in small cities and 0 for not happening of such events. †¢ DST is equal to 1 in case of any structural change that has taken place during the period under study, otherwise it is equal to 0. Though most of the activities placed in D4 are not minor in terms of cost of human lives and infrastructure of the cities, but may be because of the peaking magnitude of the terrorism in the country for the past two and a half years or so, we as a nation, has become so much resilient to such attacks that loss of lives of normal citizens or human beings or blowing up of country’s resources does not mean much loss to u s, neither in moral sense nor in financial terms. Analytical Techniques For the estimation of results, E-views, which is time series econometric software, has been extensively used. For the purpose of analysis, the model used is â€Å"MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL†. This model not only tells us the extent of the impact of terrorists’ activities on the individual financial markets but it also tells us the direction of the relationship between the regressors and the regressands. In this study the regressand are KSEI, FOREX rate and KIBOR while the four categories of terrorist activities are regressors. The study asseses the impact of terrorist activities on these three market. The functional form of the model would be as follows; (1) FM = f (Di) Where; FM indicates any type of the above mentioned financial market. Di indicates dummy variable capturing the impact of any type of the terrorist activity which affects the financial markets in Pakistan. To assess the impact, the functional form of the equation no. 1 is converted i nto mathematical equation, which is as follows; FM = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Di (2) Where; FM = any financial market operating in Pakistan e.g. ÃŽ ± = intercept ÃŽ ² = parameter to be estimated or coefficient. Di = dummy variables ranging from D1 to D4. WhileD1, D2, D3 and D4 are already explained. For KIBOR analysis, the study uses an additional dummy variable namely DST. It denotes any structural changes occurring in the economy which has imminent impact on the inter bank market. Since the dependent variable (financial markets) is also affected by many other variables which are called stochastic or error terms, so we need to convert the equation no. (2) into an econometric equation, which is represented as follows; FM = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Di + ei (3) Where ei is an error term. Since the dynamics of each kind of financial markets are a bit different. We need to estimate the results separately using a different equation for estimation purpose. These are given below; i. Stock Market Since KSE is the most active or most efficient of all the financial markets in Pakistan, we analyze the impact of four dummy variables on KSE 100 index first. In order to particularly analyze the growth of KSE Index we convert the daily values of KSE 100 Index into their log values. As the stock market show significant volatility over the last few years, we take natural log of the equation no. (2) for smoothening of the KSE Index. KSEI = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Di + ei (4) Taking natural log on the left hand side we get; Ln(KSEI) = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Di + ei (5) This is the final equation which can now be used for estimation of the impact analysis of terrorist activities on KSE. The equation reads as the natural log of Karachi Stock Exchange 100 Index is a function of the Di viz D1, D2, D3 and D4 representing various forms and intensity levels of terrorist activities. After regressing all the dummy variables (D1 to D4) separately on the LnKSEI, we see adverse effect of D1, D2 and D4 on the LnKSEI. It is important to note that the individual effect of D1 and D2 seemed suppressed. So in order to enhance the collective effect of D1 and D2 we combine both the variables and name it as D1†². So that the terrorists’ activities targeting key personnel and major financial areas are singularly termed as â€Å"major events† (grouped in D1†²) while D3 and D4 remain the same. By applying OLS regression technique, we estimate the following equation;(6) Ln(KSEI) = a + ÃŽ ²D1†² + ÃŽ ³D4 + ei Where; Ln(KSEI) = natural log Karachi Stock Exchange Index. D1†² = terrorists’ activities targeting key personnel and major financial cities. D4 = minor activities in small cities. ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ³ = parameters to be estimated. ei = stochastic/ error/residual term. ii. FOREX Market Foreign exchange market of a nation is the arena where country’s currency is traded for other currencies. The daily buying and selling of a currency determines the daily average rate of a currency. The trading takes place in domestic and international market simultaneously and hence the equilibrium point of the demand and supply of a currency determines the daily average FOREX rate. The rate can be determined in terms of any foreign currency. The exchange of currency typically takes place via brokers, but overall many institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, brokerage houses, clearance houses, foreign exchange markets on the whole and individuals are involved in the process. FOREX market is the biggest financial market of the world but with reference to Pakistan it stands second. Since foreign exchange rate can be expressed i n two ways, i.e;  i. Direct quotation ii. Indirect quotation. In this study we have used the direct quotation of the Pak rupee (PKR). We take the exchange rate of PKR in terms of U.S Dollar and express the exchange rate as I/PKR (direct quotation). Taking its natural log reduces the volatility of the exchange rate. In our analysis we are required to determine the impact of terrorists’ activities on the Exchange Rate stability or to critically see how much of the underlined activities depreciate the domestic currency in terms of the foreign currency (U.S. Dollar). We have derived the following equation: Ln (ER) = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Di + ei (7) Where; ER = exchange rate. While for analysis purpose we use the following equation. (8) Ln (ER) = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²1(D1) + ÃŽ ²2(D2) + ÃŽ ³(D4) + ei where; Ln (ER) = natural log of exchange rate D1 = terrorists’ activities targeting the key personalities D2 = terrorists’ activities taking place in the major financial cities D4 = minor terror events in small cities. ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ³ = parameters to be estimated ei = residual/ error term. It is clear from equation (8) that ER is influenced by the terrorist activities grouped in D1, and D2. For the empirical findings, we regress the g iven econometric equation by applying OLS technique. iii. KIBOR Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate (KIBOR) is the average of daily offer rates of commercial banks. It is the average daily rate on which a bank offers short term loans to other commercial banks. In other words, KIBOR is a yardstick to measure the capability of banking industry of a country to accommodate short term loans and funds. The underlined activities may also affect KIBOR rates. Interbank rate is the relative indicator of performance and efficiency of banking industry since it indicates the borrowing ability of the commercial banks. Econometric equation for KIBOR is given as; KIBOR = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Di + ei (9) To find out the empirical results of impact of terrorism on banking industry (KIBOR) weestimate the following econometric equation by OLS technique. KIBOR = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²D1 + ÃŽ ³DST + ei (10) Where; KIBOR = Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate D1 = major terrorists’ activities targeting key personalities. DST = dummy variable for structural changes. ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ³ = parameters to be estimated ei = stochastic/error/residual term. IV. Empirical Findings As already explained, we separately estimate the impact of terrorists’ activities on three types of financial markets mainly due to having different dynamics and sensitivity of events. The final impact analysis is given as under; i. KSEI Using equation no. (6) we obtain the impact of underlining activities on KSE market. 104 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) It is apparent from the results that the value of R2 is 0.98 or 98% which means that our model is best fitted. It implies that 98% of variations in the dependant variable (LnKSEI) are explained by the independent variable. Durbin Watson Statistics is equal to 1.96, which is closer to 2, shows that the regression model is not ploughed with the problem of autocorrelation. Standard error of the model is also reasonably small (0.016336) which is responsible for increasing the calculated value of t-statistics, thus we reject null hypothesis (i.e. Ho: ÃŽ ² & ÃŽ ³ = 0). F-statistics is 14379.05, which is comparatively very high indicating the overall significance/fitness of the model. C or ÃŽ ± is actually the intercept which is the weighted average of all the ignored variables that might affect the KSE index. Its value is 9.441305 which are significant at 1 % level of significance (highly significant). This indicates that KSEI is affected by variety of events not included in this analysis due to time constraint factor. Most probably the factors like capital taxes on earnings of stocks, capital inflows, and future strategies of companies registered at stock market, external shocks might be included in the test. Similarly, the terrorist activities also adversely affect KSE. Particularly, the value of D1 dummy variable (ÃŽ ² = -0.005021 at 2% level of significance) indicates that 1 percent increase in relevant terrorists’ activities might negatively affect KSE 100 Index by 0.5 percent. It means that the terrorists’ activities occurring in major financial hubs and those targeting key personalities of the country negatively and significantly impacts the performance of the KSE. To put it the other way round, KSE 100 Index might decline when any such terrorist activity occurs in the region. In the same way, the dummy variable D4 has also affected the KSE 100 Index negatively . It indicates that minor terrorist attacks occurring in small cities do not impact the KSE 100 Index significantly, although the impact in negative. Here, the estimated negative value of ÃŽ ³ (-0.000137) means to support the argument that small terrorist activities have negative impact on KSE. More appropriately, the said terrorist activities grouped in D4 combined with other residual factors also affect the functioning of the KSEI negatively. The impact of such activities on KSE performance may become significant because of the important paradigm shift in policy measures. Policies of the government or other concerned institutions are greatly affected by the magnitude of terrorism in a region. Greater the magnitude of the terrorist activities, greater would be the uncertainty in economic environment, and consequently greater would be the rate of change of policy measures. Since Karachi provides the centre of financial activities to the country and Karachi Stock Exchange is the biggest stock market of the country, so the vulnerability of the city to the terrorism is most likely to create volatility of the liquidity in the economy. Greater the occurrence of terrorist activities in the city, greater would be the likelihood of adverse effect on the financial markets, particularly KSE. Consequently the result would be the higher outflow of capital, lower investments, lesser exports and depletion of foreign reserves. ii. FOREX Rate Using the equation no.(8) the results of the impact of terrorist activities on FOREX market has been estimated by OLS technique. According to the results obtained, the value of the R2 is 0.99 or 99%, which implies that 99% of the variations in dependant variable (ER) are explained by the variations in explanatory variables. The value of R2 is pretty high indicating that the model is a best fit. Durbin Watson statistics is equal to 2 showing that there is no issue of autocorrelation in the regression model. The F- statistics value is also very high and significant showing the overall significance of the model. Standard error of the regression is very low, making t- statistics pretty high. The intercept term, C or ÃŽ ± is -4.078457 which is quite significant indicating that the ignored variables caused depreciation of Pak rupee against U.S. Dollar. As regards the impact of dummy variable D1, it is negative but insignificant. So we are able to interpret that the terrorist activities named as D1 do adversely affect the exchange rate of PKR but the impact is not at all significant. Similarly, the coefficient of D2 is also very small which indicates that the response of the FOREX market to underlying activities is almost negligible. It determines that D2 activities have a negative and insignificant impact on the determination of FOREX rate. The impact of D4 activities on FOREX is interpreted in the same way as that of D1 and D2. European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) From all of the above coefficient values we can infer a negative relationship between the terrorism and the FOREX rate. The negative sign indicates that any such happening is responsible for the depreciation of the domestic currency in terms of the foreign currency (U.S. Dollar in the present case). Though this impact is not significantly visible with reference to Pakistan but there might be several possible explanations for this suppressed relationship. From Pakistan’s standpoint the impact might be insignificant because of high resilience of the financial markets here. From the daily data of the terrorist activities it is evident that these events have been taking place at a very high frequency over the sample period. The magnitude of these activities ranges from mild offensive happenings to very high terror attempts that scare off the whole humanity. In this scenario, it is likely to expect the convergence of financial markets. The impact has to be adverse because such happenings produces uncertainty in the economic environment, increases the risks and liquidity shortage, reduces exports, depreciates currency, lowers the domestic and foreign investments and thus definitely there is a flight of capital from economy. But in case of Pakistan, high frequency of such events might be responsible for the cold blooded attitude of nation as a whole and these events may seem a routine happening to the people involved in currency trading or in any other financial market. It is because of this reason that the variation in depreciation of PKR is very less as compared to the perceived expectations. So we can safely say, terrorism does not signify its impact on foreign exchange market of Pakistan, unless the ev ent is highly adverse or of global attention like that of assassination of the former prime minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto. iii. KIBOR By using OLS technique on equation no.(10) we get the following results on impact of terrorist activities on the money market or interbank market (KIBOR). The results showed us that the value of R2 is 0.98 or 98% which means that it is a best fitted model. 98% of the variations in the dependant variable, KIBOR, are determined by the variations in the explanatory (independent) variable. The estimated value of Durbin Watson Statistics is 1.95 which is used to indicate that the results are not ploughed with the menace of autocorrelation problem. This reflects the accuracy of results, as it can be used in the policy formulation process concerning the KIBOR. Standard Errors are very small which means higher values of t-statistics. Values of F-statistics are again very high i.e. 15109.34 showing the overall significance of the model. The value of intercept, C or ÃŽ ± is 8.474 is high, which is significant at 1% level of significance. It is indicative of the fact that other factors are more likely to be responsible for the increase in the bank rate. The value of the coefficient of D1 i.e ÃŽ ²1 is 0.001382. The terrorist activities grouped in D1 do affect the KIBOR positively but insignificantly. Positive sign indicates that greater the occurrence of the activities, higher will be the interbank rate. The coefficient of D2 is also positive (highly significant at 1 % level of significance). It indicates that factors other than terrorist activities play a key role in bringing about changes in the KIBOR rate. The impact of terrorist activities on KIBOR is widespread as compared to that of stock market (KSE). It is because of the fact that we find a bank branch network throughout the country, while KSE is confined to one city only. So the likelihood of the affect of terrorism increases on banking industry. The increased impact can be seen in the shape of the KIBOR rate. V. Conclusions and Recommendations This study was primarily aimed at estimating the impact of various kinds of terrorist activities on the three financial markets viz Karachi stock market, Foreign exchange market and the money market. The findings of the OLS regression model enable us to conclude; †¢ The economy of Pakistan has been adversely affected by the ongoing terrorist activities. †¢ The terrorists’ activities in Pakistan have adversely and significantly affected the performance of KSE. Further, the KSE has been relatively more affected by the terrorist events compared to  the other markets. This might be due to it’s vary nature as KSEI is relatively more sensitive to events rather than economic fundamentals. The terrorist activities have insignificant but adverse effect on FOREX market. One reason behind the insignificant impact of terrorist activities on FOREX rates might be the inter bank data used in the analysis. As the SBP continue to interfere in the FOREX market, therefore, any volatility arising due to such events might be subdued due to SBP proactive intervention. The impact on KIBOR rate although negative but estimated to be insignificant is a very positive development as KIBOR rate is considered as an indicator of short term loans extended by banks. In case of significant adverse impact of terrorist activities on KIBOR, it may affect investment plans of the country, which might have been negative implication for Pakistan’s economy. Most of the findings of this study are consistence with the theoretical expectations. The result estimates for the KSE 100 Index and KIBOR rate are per expectations. The econometric results for the second regression are although correctly directed but not consistent with the theory to extent as expected. The rising magnitude of terrorism in a country definitely adversely affects the economy in general and financial markets in particular. Last but not the least, targets of the terrorist activities play an important role in determining the impact on financial markets. There might be many shortcomings in the study which mainly accounts to the time constraints. light of the present study some policy recommendations could be made, following are some of †¢ In the light of the study, its empirica l findings and conclusions the government and the state ought to work on the institutional development on account of terrorism. Anti terrorism policy framework of international concern shall be formulated, enhanced and made available to the general public under this institution. Masses be given advanced warnings before occurring of any such event and rehabilitation be an important immediate step after the event has happened. Besides the well being of the general masses, effective contingency planning to mitigate the financial risk faced by the financial firms and the over all economy has to form a major constituent of the anti terrorism policy making institution. Since the adverse impact of terrorism on the financial markets has been econometrically proved in this study, economic policy should form an eminent part of the anti terrorism policy making. Effective measures shall be devised to counter the wave of disruption created in any of the above mentioned financial markets. With the continuous attacks of terror on the economy, as in Pakistan, the major domestic and international investor’s draw their money out of the financial markets. There is a flight of capital out of the economy which is a major set back to the domestic currency. To mitigate the risk of depreciation of the currency, policies regarding increasing the money supply and lowering the interest rates in order to perk up investor’s confidence and to keep the foreign reserves build up shall be enacted. Policy has to be formed to strengthen the financial structure of the economy and increase its resilience to absorb the shocks to the maximum limit. Opportunities to the domestic manufacturers’ shall be accentuated to increase exports and thus demand of domestic currency. This is an important measure to avoid the depreciation of currency and also it will make the trade deficit unlikely to occur. This is an important policy implication for the money market. Investment in research and development and innovative security measures is also need of the day. European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) Lastly, policies should be made and extended on the global level to increase the cooperation and coordination among the major stake holders in the global financial markets. Policies regarding benign relationships among the central banks of international importance shall also be encouraged so as to extend financial help during the crucial financial crunch after any enormous act of terrorism. Based on the results findings, the study mainly recommends that the concerned policy makers must take into account the impact of terrorist activities while formulating policies for the three kinds of financial markets. However, the impact of terrorist activities varies on each market in terms of its intensity, place of occurrence etc. †¢ References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Abadie, A. and Gardeazabal, J. (2001). The Economic Costs of Conflict; A Case-Control Study for the Basque Country. Research Working Paper No. 01/048. Harvard University. Faculty Research Working Paper Series. Retrieved from: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=293120 Abadie, A. and Gardeazabal, J. (2007). Terrorism and the World Economy. Available at: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/aabadie/twe.pdf Barth, J.R., Li, T., McCarthy, D. (2006). Economic Impacts of Global Terrorism: From Munich to Bali. Capital studies, Milken Institute. Berrebi, C. and Klor, E. F. (2008). The impact of terrorism on defense industry. Working paper No. 597. RAND labor and population working paper series. Retrieved from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=729006 Bruck, T. and Wickstrom, B. A. (2004). The economic consequences of terror: A Brief Survey. HiCN Working paper 03. Paper presented at Household in Conflict Network, University of Sussex, April 2004. Chen, A. H. and Siems T. F. (2004). Effects of terrorism on global capital markets. European journal of political economy. Vol. 20, pp: 349-346. Chesney, M., Reshetar, G. and Karaman, M. (2010). The Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets: An Empirical Study. Retrieved from: http://www.google.com.pk/search?hl=en&q=The+Impact+of+Terrorism+on+Financial+Market s:+An+Empirical+Study&btnG=Search&aq=f&aqi Gujrati, D. N. (2004). Basic Econometrics. United States Military Academy, West Point, Mc Graw Hill Publications. Gulley, O. D. and Sultan, J. (2006). Risk Premium Volatility, and Terrorism: New Evidence. Milken Institute. Gupta, S., Clements, B., Bhattacharya, R., and Chakravarti, S. (2002). Fiscal Consequences of Armend Forces and Terrorism in Low and Middle-Income Countries. IMF Working Paper No: 02/142. International Monetary Fund ,Fiscal Affair Department. Glaeser, E. L. and Shapiro, J. M. (2001). Cities And Warfare: The Impact Of Terrorism On Urban Form. NBER Working Paper No: 8696. National Bureau of Economic Research. Jalalzai, M. K. (2002). The Holy Terror -Islam, Violence and

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